Hepatic AA amyloidosis in a cat: cytologic and histologic identification of AA amyloid in macrophages

A 3‐year‐old, spayed female, Domestic Shorthair cat presented with anorexia, lethargy, vomiting, probable hemoabdomen, and multiple masses on the right lateral liver lobe. Clinicopathologic and imaging abnormalities included anemia, azotemia, icterus, and hepatomegaly with hypoechoic masses. On cytologic evaluation of a fine‐needle aspiration of a liver mass there was abundant extracellular pink‐ to purple‐colored material between hepatocytes. The amorphous material was stained with direct fast scarlet (DFS), and green birefringent areas were observed under polarized light, confirming the presence of amyloid. A unique finding on the cytologic smear were macrophages containing amorphous and fibrillar amyloid‐like protein. Histopathologic examination using H&E and Congo red staining confirmed amyloid deposits within the space of Disse, along the sinusoids, portal tracts, blood vessel walls, and within the cytoplasm of macrophages. Immunohistochemical staining with anti‐AA amyloid antibodies further confirmed the presence of AA amyloid. To the author's knowledge, this is the first report of the cytologic finding of AA amyloid protein within macrophages and DFS stain detection of amyloid on a cytologic smear.     

Relationship between level of forage intake,blood flow and oxygen consumption by splanchnic tissues of sheep fed a tropical grass forage

Four Polwarth castrated male sheep (42 ± 4.4 kg live weight (LW) surgically implanted with chronic indwelling catheters into the mesenteric, portal and hepatic veins, housed in metabolism cages and offered Cynodon sp. hay at rates (g of dry matter (DM)/kg LW) of 7, 14, 21 or ad libitum, were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square experiment to evaluate the effect of the level of forage intake on blood flow and oxygen consumption by the portal‐drained viscera (PDV), liver and total splanchnic tissues (ST). The portal blood flow and the oxygen consumption by PDV linearly increased at increased organic matter (OM) intake. No effect of level of OM intake was obtained for the hepatic artery blood flow and oxygen consumption by liver. As a consequence, the level of OM intake only tended to directly affect hepatic blood flow and oxygen consumption by total ST. Oxygen consumption was linearly and positively related to blood flow across PDV, liver and total ST. The heat production by PDV and total ST, as proportion of metabolizable energy (ME) intake, decreased curvilinearly at increased ME intake. In conclusion, the oxygen consumption by PDV, but not by liver, was directly related to the level of forage intake by sheep. Moreover, when ingested at levels below maintenance, most of ME was spent as heat produced by ST.     

加减苍附导痰汤对痰湿阻滞型非酒精性脂肪性肝病氧化应激水平及脂质代谢的影响

目的 观察加减苍附导痰汤对痰湿阻滞型非酒精性脂肪性肝病（non-alcoholicfattyliverdisease,NAFLD）氧化应激水平及脂质代谢的影响。方法 将82例痰湿阻滞型NAFLD患者随机分为治疗组42例和对照组40例。治疗组给予口服加减苍附导痰汤,对照组给予口服奥利司他胶囊,两组的疗程均为12周。观察两组患者治疗前后总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）、血清天冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）、丙二醛（MDA）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）水平、肝脏脂肪含量（LFC）及不良反应的发生情况。结果 治疗后两组患者TC、TG、LDL-C、HDL-C均较治疗前显著改善（P<0.05）,且治疗组各项指标的改善优于对照组（P<0.05）;两组血清ALT、AST、MDA及LFC较治疗前明显降低,而血清SOD水平升高（P<0.05）,且治疗组各项指标的改善优于对照组（P<0.05）。结论 加减苍附导痰汤对痰湿阻滞型NAFLD患者保肝降酶及降低肝脏脂肪含量有较好的疗效,可能与其提高抗氧化及脂质代谢水平有关。     

原发性开角型青光眼中医证型、证候、证素文献分析研究

目的 通过文献研究,分析原发性开角型青光眼（primary open angle glaucoma,POAG）证型分布特点及其证候、证素特点,为临床POAG的诊治提供依据。方法 检索CNKI（中国知网数据库）、VIP（维普数据库）、CBM（中国生物医学文献数据库）和Wanfang数据库（万方数据库）,采用EpiData3.1软件建立POAG证候文献数据库,应用统计软件SPSS 19.0进行统计分析。结果 最终纳入文献11篇,包括644例不同证型的患者,规范后的POAG证型11种,最常见的4种证型为：肝肾亏虚证（26.55%）、肝郁化火证（23.45%）、痰湿泛目证（18.94%）、肝郁气滞证（13.20%）,与POAG相关的病位证素为肝,病性证素主要与阴虚、血虚、阳亢、气滞相关。结论 本研究初步反映了POAG常见证型、证候分布特点,并对其证素特点进行了概括,为临床POAG的诊疗提供依据。     

王行宽教授应用柴芪生脉散治疗盗汗经验

分析全国名中医王行宽教授应用柴芪生脉散治疗盗汗的临床经验。王教授认为盗汗非独阴虚引起,多责之气阴两虚,然肝胆失疏为病机之关键,故疏泄肝胆至关重要,拟补益气阴,疏泄肝胆,调节腠理,创柴芪生脉散治疗盗汗,依据不同兼症随证治之。     

饲料添加白藜芦醇对吉富罗非鱼生长免疫、肝脏结构的影响

(目的)为探究不同含量白藜芦醇对吉富罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)生长、非特异免疫能力及肝脏结构的影响。(方法)试验设计4组不同含量Res饲料：0%、0.025%、0.05%、0.1%,分别表示D1、D2、D3、D4组;在第15天、45天测定血清中八种非特异免疫酶活性,扫描电镜观察肠绒毛、肝脏显微结构。(结果)结果显示：经45天,处理组与对照组之间增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)、饲料系数(FC)显著降低(P<0.05)。生长期15天,MT、Hsp-70、Hsp-60、TRF四种酶活性均随着Res含量提高而降低;C3、C4二种酶活性处理组与对照组无显著差异;生长期45天,C3、C4、IgM、TNF-α、Hsp-60、TRF六种酶活性均随着Res含量提高而降低。扫描电镜显示：15天D4组肠绒毛“干瘪”、“卷曲程度加深”,45天时,D4组绒毛排列紊乱、绒毛高度降低,受损严重,肝脏纤维化现象明显。(结论)综上所述：饲料中添加0.1% Res能够降低吉富罗非鱼部分非特异性免疫酶活性,并且损伤肠道、肝脏。     

加拿大一枝黄花石油醚萃取物对福寿螺肝脏的影响

【目的】在前期研究的基础上深入探讨加拿大一枝黄花石油醚萃取物(petroleum ether extract of Solidago canadensis,PEEE)对福寿螺（Pomacea canaliculata）肝脏的影响,为进一步有效控制福寿螺对农业生产的危害、实现恶性外来入侵植物加拿大一枝黄花的资源化利用提供依据。【方法】以去氯自来水作为对照组,0.11、0.18和0.29 mg?mL ^-1的PEEE悬浮液作为试验组。每组随机放入大小、活力一致的成年福寿螺10只,用一层纱布和橡皮筋封住烧杯口,防止福寿螺逃逸。在室温(23—27℃)条件下,处理48 h,每组3次重复。48 h后,分别随机挑选去氯自来水、0.11、0.18和0.29 mg?mL ^-1浓度处理下的福寿螺,敲破螺壳,取出肝脏,使用扫描电镜和透射电镜观察肝脏组织的超微结构。经0.29 mg?mL ^-1浓度处理后的福寿螺肝脏组织冻干后用于代谢组学研究。 【结果】扫描电镜观察结果表明,经不同浓度的PEEE浸泡处理福寿螺48 h后,福寿螺肝脏表面均受到损伤,其损伤程度与PEEE处理液的浓度呈正相关,高浓度的PEEE可致使肝脏萎缩失去弹性,皱褶凸起被侵蚀,体表破损,出现絮状物,质地松散。透射电镜观察结果表明,经不同浓度的PEEE浸泡处理福寿螺48 h后,福寿螺肝细胞损伤明显,高浓度的PEEE使福寿螺肝细胞粗面内质网及线粒体数量减少,粗面内质网出现肿胀、断裂和颗粒脱落等现象;线粒体表现为肿胀,形状不规则。代谢组学的试验结果表明,经PEEE处理后,福寿螺肝脏中60种代谢物含量发生变化,多个代谢通路受到影响,富集程度最高的两条通路分别为糖鞘脂代谢和棕榈酰辅酶A进入线粒体基质的通路。【结论】加拿大一枝黄花的石油醚萃取物对福寿螺肝脏细胞结构和生理功能有巨大的损伤破坏作用,因而具有较强的灭螺活性,有望开发成为新型的天然灭螺药物。     

比较岩藻黄素·灵芝孢子粉和黑枸杞对小鼠酒精性脂肪肝的影响

[目的]探讨岩藻黄素、灵芝孢子粉和黑枸杞对小鼠酒精性脂肪肝的作用。[方法]建立NIAAA小鼠酒精肝模型。将10周龄C57BL/6小鼠按照随机分配原则平均分为5组,对照组喂食正常液体饲料,模型组和试验组喂食5%酒精液体饲料,试验组在饲料中分别添加100 mg/(kg·d)岩藻黄素、500 mg/(kg·d)灵芝孢子粉和500 mg/(kg·d)黑枸杞。取肝脏组织称重,比较各组小鼠的肝脏系数,取部分肝脏组织进行病理组织切片观察形态,采用商业试剂盒对小鼠血清中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、甘油三酯(TG)、胆固醇(TC)和肝脏中TG含量进行检测。[结果]与模型组相比,岩藻黄素抑制了酒精造成的脂肪变性,降低了血清中ALT、AST、TG和肝脏中TG含量;灵芝孢子粉有效地缓解了血清中ALT、AST含量的升高,但没有有效抑制酒精造成的脂肪变性;而黑枸杞减轻了酒精造成的脂肪变性,但没有显著缓解血清中ALT、AST的升高。[结论]相较于灵芝孢子粉和黑枸杞,岩藻黄素可以对酒精造成的肝损伤和脂肪变性起到更好的保护作用。     

Transvenous electrical cardioversion of atrial fibrillation in two dogs

Atrial fibrillation is characterized by uncoordinated electrical activation of the atria that leads to the loss of atrial mechanical function and atrial fibrosis as a substrate promoting maintenance of rhythm abnormality. Transvenous electrical cardioversion has not been previously reported in the dog. The authors demonstrate the use of this technique for successful cardioversion of atrial fibrillation in two dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy.     

Effect of catheter size and injection rate of contrast agent on enhancement and image quality for triple‐phase helical computed tomography of the liver in small dogs

Rapid contrast injection is recommended for triple‐phase helical computed tomography (CT) of the liver. However, a large‐gauge catheter is needed for faster contrast injection and this is not practical for small breed dogs or cats. The purpose of this crossover group study was to evaluate applicability of a lower injection rate with a small‐gauge (G) catheter for triple‐phase hepatic CT in small dogs. Triple‐phase CT images were acquired for six beagle dogs using three protocols: an injection rate of 1.5 ml/s with a 24 G catheter, 3.0 ml/s with a 22 G catheter, and 4.5 ml/s with a 20 G catheter. Enhancement of the aorta, portal vein, and hepatic parenchyma was measured in each phase (arterial, portal, and delayed) and image quality was scored subjectively by two observers. Injection duration, time to scan delay, and time to peak enhancement were also recorded. Contrast injection duration decreased with a higher injection rate (n = 6, P ≤ 0.01), but time to peak enhancement and time to scan delay were not significantly affected by injection rates and catheter sizes. Contrast injection rate did not significantly affect aortic, portal, and hepatic enhancement. In addition, separation between each phase and quality of images was subjectively scored as good regardless of injection rate. Findings from the current study supported using an injection rate of 1.5 ml/s with a catheter size of 24 G for triple‐phase hepatic CT in small dogs (weight < 12 kg).